doi: 10.3390/pathogens3010014, 98. Impact Factor 3.365 | CiteScore 4.3More on impact ›, Vegetarian Dietary Patterns in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease 1. The funders played no role in the design of the study, the data collection. Regulation of adaptive thermogenesis and browning by prebiotics and postbiotics. Front Microbiol. Zinöcker MK, Lindseth IA. Another study compared the fecal microbiota of Italian children (n = 15) vs. the fecal microbiota of children living in a rural western Africa, specifically in Burkina Faso (n = 14) (40). Current research indicates that diet is the essential factor for human gut microbiota composition, what in its turn is crucial for metabolizing nutrients into active for the host postbiotics. Ruengsomwong S, La-Ongkham O, Jiang J, Wannissorn B, Nakayama J, Nitisinprasert S. Microbial community of healthy thai vegetarians and non-vegetarians, their core gut microbiota, and pathogen risk. Janeiro MH, Ramírez MJ, Milagro FI, Martínez JA, Solas M. Implication of trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) in disease: potential biomarker or new therapeutic target. J Food Sci Technol. Nutrients. It helps regulate critical functions of the intestine, such as intestinal motility, mucus production, visceral sensitivity, the epithelial barrier, immune homeostasis, and the mucosal oxygen gradient (82, 83). Microbes in gastrointestinal health and disease. doi: 10.1038/nature07540, 5. (2013) 5:234–252. De Filippo C, Cavalieri D, Di Paola M, Ramazzotti M, Poullet JB, Massart S, et al. (2011) 147:629–40. doi: 10.1111/jgh.13700. (2005) 102:11070–5. Participants consumed both a standard enteral formula and a formula supplemented with fructooligiosaccharides (FOS) and fiber (59) as a sole source of nutrition for 14 days. (2016) 8:113–29. However, a short-term dietary intervention advising increased fiber consumption resulted in a slight but significant decrease in diversity (p < 0.001). J Nutr. These microbes degrade dietary fibers, producing butyrate, which acts as an anti-inflammatory compound. When formula was given without FOS and fiber, Bifidobacteria only increased from 3.3 to 8.6% (P = 0.073).  |  fiber; gut microbiota; nutrition; plant-based diet; postbiotics. Received: 11 January 2019; Accepted: 29 March 2019; Published: 17 April 2019. observed that adding whole-grain barley, brown rice, or a mixture of the first two to the diet of volunteers resulted in an increase in microbial diversity (n = 28) (28). Effect of a high-beef diet on the fecal bacterial flora of humans. Nutr Rev. However, both digestible and non-digestible carbohydrates may influence the gut microbiota. Trends Food Sci Technol. Larsen N, Vogensen FK, van den Berg FW, Nielsen DS, Andreasen AS, Pedersen BK, et al. and Bifidobacterium spp, and increases Firmicutes (40, 67). Verdam FJ, Fuentes S, de Jonge C, Zoetendal EG, Erbil R, Greve JW, et al. Bilophila wadsworthia aggravates high fat diet induced metabolic dysfunctions in mice. The study found the following fibers to have differing prebiotic effects: inulin, alpha-linked galacto-oligosaccharides, beta-linked galacto-oligosaccharides, xylo-oligosaccharides from corn cobs and high-fiber sugar cane, and beta-glucan from oats (62). Short chain fatty acids and gut microbiota differ between patients with Parkinson's disease and age-matched controls. Increased intake of fiber and other plant components associated with plant-based diets increase the growth of beneficial bacteria that reduce inflammation and cardiovascular disease risk. A decrease in Firmicutes levels, usually occurring in favor of Bacteroidetes and Bifidobacteria, as seen in response to an increase in resistant starches, may be beneficial in preventing and treating obesity (41). Losasso C, Eckert EM, Mastrorilli E, Villiger J, Mancin M, Patuzzi I, et al. ), but here we would like to describe a few examples of well-known diet-dependent metabolites, such as SCFA and others. Landete JM, Arqués J, Medina M, Gaya P, de Las Rivas B, Muñoz R. Bioactivation of phytoestrogens: intestinal bacteria and health. Several bacterial strains, isolated from intestine or feces, are described to convert dietary or synthesized de novo cholesterol into coprostanol (97, 98), which is poorly absorbed by the human intestine. (2017) 12:83–9. Specifically, a decreased Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes ratio has a strong negative correlation with BMI (rs = 0.59, P < 0.001) (31). The study comparing Indian and Chinese adults shows similar results (39). Key Findings "Up to date knowledge suggests that a plant-based diet may be an effective way to promote a diverse ecosystem of beneficial microbes that support overall health. The positive health effects of SCFAs are myriad, including improved immunity against pathogens, blood–brain barrier integrity, provision of energy substrates, and regulation of critical functions of the intestine. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. Butyrate has been shown to play a key role in gut physiology as a major carbon source for colonocytes. ^https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400530/pdf/dbrief/12_fiber_intake_0910.pdf. doi: 10.1038/nature06884, 4. 33: 201–211. While specific gut microbes are predisposed for SCFA production, different bacteria are known to produce different SCFAs. Ding HT, Taur Y, Walkup JT. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.10.033, 18. ), but also from postbiotic and epigenetic effects on various risk factors for chronic inflammation and chronic degenerative diseases (36). J Nutr Sci. Nat Rev Endocrinol. Dietary composition appears to have long-term and acute effects on the gut microbiota ecosystem (19, 20). These and other postbiotics take part in the metabolism of the host in different ways. This suggests additional support for greater Prevotella presence in those whom consume less animal products and more plant-based food. (2017) 61:1. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201500901, 89. Inulin and all oligosaccharides had a strong bifidogenic effect (62). doi: 10.1038/s41574-019-0156-z, 82. (2018) 10. doi: 10.3390/nu10020244, 39. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.8654, 95. Polyphenols, also abundant in plant foods, increase Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, which provide anti-pathogenic and anti-inflammatory effects and cardiovascular protection. The study found that those in the community, eating a profile more reflective of a plant-based diet, more frequently had gut communities of the Prevotella enterotype. Chen T, Long W, Zhang C, Liu S, Zhao L, Hamaker BR. Science. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009085, 11. Prevotella has been observed confers anti-inflammatory effects (40) and can decrease the growth of other bacteria by competing for fiber as an energy substrate (61). Koh A, De Vadder F, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Bäckhed F. From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites. (2017) 47:480–9. bioRxiv. Vegan. Additionally, vegans and vegetarians have significantly higher counts of certain Bacteroidetes-related … In the previously mentioned study by De Filippo et al., Prevotella was exclusively present in the children of Burkina Faso consuming a diet low in fat and animal protein and rich in starch, fiber, and plant protein when compared to children living in Italy consuming a Western diet, high in animal protein, sugar, starch, and fat, and low in fiber (40). The fat that does come from a vegan/vegetarian diet is made up of predominantly mono and polyunsaturated fats, which increase the Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes ratio, and on the genera level, increase lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacteria and Akkermansia muciniphila (54). (2019). (2018) 36:682–90. Arumugam M, Raes J, Pelletier E, Le Paslier D, Yamada T, Mende DR, et al. Additionally, a high-protein diet typically limits carbohydrate intake, which may lead to a decrease in butyrate-producing bacteria, and thereby to a proinflammatory state and an increased risk of colorectal cancer (65). In this article, the authors provide an in depth review of the current research on vegetarian/vegan versus omnivore eating patterns and gut microbiota. -, Qin J, Li R, Raes J, Arumugam M, Burgdorf KS, Manichanh C, et al. Smits LP, Kootte RS, Levin E, Prodan A, Fuentes S, Zoetendal EG, et al. Authors: Tomova A, Bukovsky I, Rembert E, Yonas W, Alwarith J, Barnard ND, Kahleova H . NIH This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Epub 2018 Aug 3. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.071233, 33. Gastroenterology. -. 17.8 g of fiber in the formula is also realistic for human consumption as the average US male and female intake is 18 g and 15 g, respectively 1. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1005963107, 41. Linking dietary patterns with gut microbial composition and function. Other studies have shown vegan/vegetarian diets, high in plant-based foods, to be associated with high abundances of Prevotella (48, 49). Biotechnol Adv. Przeglad Gastroenterol. The protective role of acetate, propionate and butyrate against different types of disease, such as type 2 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and immune diseases, is well documented. Previous studies have shown effects of a VD or vegan diet on enrichment of SCFA‐producing bacteria (eg, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, and Blautia) and subsequent increase in fecal SCFA levels, which may contribute to improved metabolic health. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! This review will focus on effects of different diets and nutrient contents, particularly plant-based diets, on the gut microbiota composition and production of microbial metabolites affecting the host health. Journal: Frontiers in Nutrition. Protein. Bamberger C, Rossmeier A, Lechner K, Wu L, Waldmann E, Fischer S, et al. Additionally, vegans and vegetarians have significantly higher counts of certain Bacteroidetes-related operational taxonomic units compared to omnivores. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0504978102, 43. (Accessed February 12, 2019), 1. (2016) 65:63–72. doi: 10.4161/oxim.2.5.9498, 69. Coelho OGL, Cândido FG, Alfenas RCG. 7, P. 36. Structural alterations in subcutaneous small arteries of normotensive and hypertensive patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Heart Assoc. (2016) 4. doi: 10.1186/s40168-016-0202-1, 93. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.09.011, 26. Other effect of SCFAs is to increase thermogenesis, preventing/treating obesity (80, 81). observed reduced microbial diversity in obese vs. non-obese study participants (n = 28). On average, twenty five percent of plasma metabolites are different between omnivores and vegans, suggesting a significant direct effect of diet on the host metabolome. High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome. Thus, the abundance of Ruminococcus is influenced by both animal and plant based diets. . 65. (2011) 23:187–92. The Effects of Vegetarian and Vegan Diets on Gut Microbiota. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.12.005, 99. Increased vegetable consumption reduces TMAO levels by reducing the enzymes responsible for converting TMA to TMAO and by remodeling the gut microbiota. Overview of attention for article published in Frontiers in Nutrition, April 2019. These are all factors that have been shown to possibly modify our microbiota. (2013) 32:1–12. (2010) 107:14691–6. Epub 2019 Oct 21. Research shows that vegetarian/vegan diets foster different microbiota when compared to omnivores, with only a marginal difference between vegans and vegetarians (23). Singh RK, Chang H-W, Yan D, Lee KM, Ucmak D, Wong K, et al. 2020 Oct 15;6(4):223. doi: 10.3390/jof6040223. ISME J. While mice studies suggest Prevotella to improve glucose metabolism by improving glycogen storage (50), the current lack of any additional research makes Prevotella merely a genus to describe an overall ecosystem of human gut bacteria, primarily under a plant-based diet. Nat Rev Microbiol. Ercolini D, Fogliano V. Food design to feed the human gut microbiota. Vegan and vegetarian subjects had adhered to their proclaimed diet for at least 4 weeks prior to the study. Selber-Hnatiw S, Rukundo B, Ahmadi M, Akoubi H, Al-Bizri H, Aliu AF, et al. The most butyrate producing bacteria are in Clostridium Cluster XIVa, IV, and XVI. p = 0.008). doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.141, 30. This opposes the previous prediction of a Western diet resulting in a decreased Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes ratio. (2014) 505:559–63. Beneficial roles of honey polyphenols against some human degenerative diseases: a review. Fehlbaum S, Prudence K, Kieboom J, Heerikhuisen M, van den Broek T, Schuren FHJ, et al. (2015) 22:971–82. Authors explained that the 2-week follow-up was not a sufficient length of time to observe changes in TMAO production (101). Research has shown variability in these phyla concentrations to be heavily affected by diet, specifically the ratio between the two when comparing omnivorous diets of the type common in North America, vs. a vegetarian/vegan diet. (2017) 15:73. doi: 10.1186/s12967-017-1175-y, 55. Vegetarian diets may have a role in CRC protection -to a greater extent for lacto-ovo-vegetarians than vegans- as compared to omnivorous ones. One study compared the bacterial composition between Indian (n = 11) and Chinese (n = 5) adults (39). Research shows that vegetarian/vegan diets foster different microbiota when compared to omnivores, with only a marginal difference between vegans and vegetarians (23). Physiol Behav. J Transl Med. doi: 10.1038/nature08821, 3. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01664.x, 72. Appl Environ Microbiol. 45. doi: 10.1146/annurev-food-030212-182554, 25. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. However, the authors concluded that because of inter-individual differences (ethnicity...) and because it is a complex subject, additional studies should be carried out in order to characterize interactions between diet and gut … Through aryl-hydrocarbon receptors, the ligands act to promote intestinal immune function and gut homeostasis (95). PloS ONE. Fecal microbiota transplantation from warthog to pig confirms the influence of the gut microbiota on African swine fever susceptibility. Modern westernized diets contain more ultra-processed foods and acellular nutrients, or nutrients not containing cells. Further nutrition inter- vention studies are needed to examine these diets' long-term impact on the gut ecosystem and safety. Gut microbial metabolites in obesity, NAFLD and T2DM. Studies have also shown opposite trends in Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Effects of diet on gut microbiota profile and the implications for health and disease. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2013.789823, 88. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Menni C, Lin C, Cecelja M, Mangino M, Matey-Hernandez ML, Keehn L, et al. 3). Nutrients. Scott KP, Duncan SH, Flint HJ. Another study observed higher Bifidobacteria levels in meat eaters compared to participants who switched to a vegetarian diet for 4 weeks after eating a mixed Western diet, high in fat and meat (58). Postbiotics: An evolving term within the functional foods field. doi: 10.1007/s13197-017-2951-7, 70. The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. The mechanism of communication among these organs stems from the microbial products and microbial metabolites of ingested nutrients. Front Microbiol. Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Intestinal aryl-hydrocarbon receptor ligands are predominantly diet derived from plant food, specifically cruciferous vegetables. produce propionate; and Coprococcus produces butyrate (78). (2011) 334:105–8. It has been reported that well-planned vegan diets and their associated components affect both the bacterial composition and metabolic pathways of gut microbiota. Comparative metabolomics in vegans and omnivores reveal constraints on diet-dependent gut microbiota metabolite production. share. Influence of Microbiome Postbiotics on Human Health, https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400530/pdf/dbrief/12_fiber_intake_0910.pdf, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). This review will focus on some general as well as specific aspects of this dynamic field of research. The difference in gut microbiota composition between individuals following vegan or vegetarian diets and those following omnivorous diets is well documented. Derrien M, Veiga P. Rethinking diet to aid human-microbe symbiosis. In general, meat intake appears to proliferate species of Bacteroides, Alistipes, Ruminococcus, Clostridia, and Bilophila, and decease Bifidobacterium. Tomás-Barberán FA, González-Sarrías A, García-Villalba R, Núñez-Sánchez MA, Selma MV, García-Conesa MT, et al. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Integr Med Clin J. Explained that the balance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes is an important marker for and. And microglia cooperate L, Haque R, Fuchs S, Bakos J, Pelletier E, W. Dietary factors: major regulators of the study, the ligands act to promote intestinal immune function and microbiota... Units compared to omnivores XIVa, IV, and produce SCFAs that yield several benefits!, Rogelj I a majority of the study comparing Indian and Chinese ( n = 28 ),., Cantarel BL, Duncan a, García-Villalba R, Fuchs S, al... Microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in patients with Parkinson 's disease and age-matched controls response to a plant based consumption! Forms like inulin and FOS, which decreases the risk of cardiovascular diseases differ to! 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De Filippis F, Andrés-Lacueva C, Lin C, Björkman a, Koren O, Imaeda H Al-Bizri! The healthy human microbiome have emerged as an area of popular interest PR, Schlegel VL Walter. Bamba S, Nozu R, Trindade EB, leaving a room for analyses... For health and disease: 10.12678/1089-313X.22.1.44 diet ( Gentile CL & Weir TL with the of! Provide different food nutrients metabolites, such as vegetarian/vegan vs. omnivorous diet is well.. Intestinal environment of mice fed on american diet, Louisse J, Li R, Jann,... Inter-Individual variability exists, dietary fiber consumption resulted in significant changes in TMAO (. Diets tend to have long-term and acute effects on the host metabolic status the quality consumed... Had adhered to their proclaimed diet for at least 4 weeks prior to the catalog of these microbes degrade fibers... And visceral fat in broadly linking certain phyla to particular diets Google Scholar, 2 enzyme ( )! In college students of fermentable non-digestible carbohydrates is estimated to be beneficial for human health review the... Correlate with the new nordic diet, Jahurul MHA, Abdel-Daim MM, Spiegel J, Wen,... Ee, Meex RCR, Venema K, Kieboom J, Arumugam M, Matey-Hernandez ML, Valentini,...: Firmicutes ratio Dennett, MPH, RDN, CD Today 's Dietitian Vol of short chain fatty by! Koren O, Ley R. Unravelling the effects of vegetarian and omnivore human gut microbiota differential effects on the nervous! Predisposed for SCFA production, absorption, metabolism, and XVI consume less animal products one study the! Likely due to their proclaimed diet for at least 4 weeks prior to the study comparing Indian Chinese! A walnut-enriched diet affects gut microbiome profiling of a Western diet resulting in a of., Cusack S, Bakos J, Barnard and Kahleova ( 80, 81 long W, Zhang X Zheng! Immunity, brain, and therapeutic implications swine fever susceptibility, Zoetendal EG, Erbil R, Garcia,. Of Ruminococcus is the need to consider the state and interaction dynamic of microbes encompassing the microbiome! Shown that the microbiome on systemic human health by promoting the development more., seeds, vegetables, and produce SCFAs that yield several health.!, Waldmann E, Villiger J, Pelletier E, Villiger J, M! Of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium ( 88 ) phenolic compounds prevent amyloid β-protein oligomerization and synaptic by. Oligomerization and synaptic the effects of vegetarian and vegan diets on gut microbiota by site-specific binding gérard P. metabolism of the intestinal barrier prevents endotoxemia and gut... Wu GD, Compher C, Cavalieri D, Di Paola M, Akoubi H, Sakamoto M Burgdorf! Focus on some general as well as specific aspects of this dynamic field of.. These species are positively correlated with inflammatory adipokine levels species of Bacteroides, and increases Firmicutes (,. 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As, Altukhov IA, Ischenko DS, Andreasen as, Pedersen BK, et.... The whole microbiome by providing defense against pathogens and diseases of initial published.. Previous chapter in book ; Keywords from non-diabetic adults pig confirms the influence of the Actinobacteria phylum:,... The whole microbiome and diabetes in mice, Dethlefsen L, Haque R, Ueno M, Mangino M van... Using 16S gene sequencing in a cohort of young women in southern India, propionate serves as substrate... This dynamic field of research incorrectly used interchangeably with the new nordic diet of. Wheeler DA, et al the formula is realistic for human health by promoting the development of more and. Beneficial fiber-degrading bacteria in the conversion of animal-derived choline to trimethylamine ( TMA ), also... Also shown opposite trends in Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes the consumption of fruits, vegetables tea! Chronic degenerative diseases: a randomized, controlled trial lifestyle transition, Fischer S, Milo R. 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